When Was The First Video Camera Made

Camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition

A video camera is a camera used for the electronic recording of videos (equally opposed to a movie camera, which records images on movie). Video cameras were initially developed for the television industry but accept since become widely used for a variety of other purposes.

Video cameras are used primarily in two modes. The first, characteristic of much early broadcasting, is live tv, where the camera feeds real fourth dimension images directly to a screen for immediate observation. A few cameras nevertheless serve alive television production, but most alive connections are for security, military/tactical, and industrial operations where underground or remote viewing is required. In the second mode the images are recorded to a storage device for archiving or further processing; for many years, videotape was the principal format used for this purpose, simply was gradually supplanted by optical disc, hard disk, and so flash memory. Recorded video is used in tv set production, and more than oftentimes surveillance and monitoring tasks in which unattended recording of a situation is required for later analysis.

Types and uses [edit]

Modern video cameras have numerous designs and apply:

Professional video cameras, such every bit those used in television production, maybe television studio-based or mobile in the case of an electronic field production (EFP). Such cameras by and large offer extremely fine-grained manual command for the camera operator, ofttimes to the exclusion of automatic operation. They usually use three sensors to separately record crimson, dark-green and blue.
Camcorders combine a camera and a VCR or other recording device in 1 unit of measurement; these are mobile, and were widely used for television receiver production, home movies, electronic news gathering (ENG) (including denizen journalism), and similar applications. Since the transition to digital video cameras, most cameras take in-built recording media and as such are also camcorders. Activeness cameras ofttimes accept 360° recording capabilities.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) more often than not uses pan–tilt–zoom cameras (PTZ), for security, surveillance, and/or monitoring purposes. Such cameras are designed to be small, easily hidden, and able to operate unattended; those used in industrial or scientific settings are frequently meant for use in environments that are normally inaccessible or uncomfortable for humans, and are therefore hardened for such hostile environments (e.yard. radiation, high heat, or toxic chemic exposure).
Webcams are video cameras that stream a live video feed to a computer.
Many smartphones have built-in video cameras and even loftier-finish smartphones tin can capture video in 4K resolution.
Special camera systems are used for scientific inquiry, e.m. on board a satellite or a space probe, in bogus intelligence and robotics research, and in medical apply. Such cameras are oft tuned for non-visible radiation for infrared (for night vision and heat sensing) or Ten-ray (for medical and video astronomy use).

History [edit]

The earliest video cameras were based on the mechanical Nipkow deejay and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1910s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Nipkow organization by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on solid-land epitome sensors such every bit the charge-coupled device (CCD) and after CMOS active-pixel sensor (CMOS sensor) eliminated common issues with tube technologies such as image burn-in and streaking and fabricated digital video workflow practical, since the output of the sensor is digital so information technology does non need conversion from analog.

The basis for solid-state image sensors is metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) applied science,^[1] which originates from the invention of the MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) at Bell Labs in 1959.^[2] This led to the development of semiconductor epitome sensors, including the CCD and after the CMOS agile-pixel sensor.^[one] The starting time semiconductor paradigm sensor was the charge-coupled device, invented at Bell Labs in 1969,^[three] based on MOS capacitor engineering.^[ane] The NMOS active-pixel sensor was subsequently invented at Olympus in 1985,^[4] ^[five] ^[6] which led to the development of the CMOS active-pixel sensor at NASA'south Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1993.^[seven] ^[5]

Practical digital video cameras were also enabled past advances in video compression, due to the impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements of uncompressed video.^[8] The well-nigh important compression algorithm in this regard is the detached cosine transform (DCT),^[viii] ^[nine] a lossy pinch technique that was first proposed in 1972.^[x] Applied digital video cameras were enabled by DCT-based video compression standards, including the H.26x and MPEG video coding standards introduced from 1988 onwards.^[9]

The transition to digital television gave a boost to digital video cameras. By the early on 21st century, about video cameras were digital cameras.

With the advent of digital video capture, the distinction between professional video cameras and movie cameras has disappeared equally the intermittent mechanism has get the same. Nowadays, mid-range cameras exclusively used for television set and other piece of work (except movies) are termed professional video cameras.

Recording media [edit]

Early on video could not exist directly recorded.^[11] The offset somewhat successful endeavor to directly tape video was in 1927 with John Logie Baird'south disc based Phonovision.^[11] The discs were unplayable with the applied science of the fourth dimension although later advances immune the video to be recovered in the 1980s.^[11] The commencement experiments with using tape to record a video single took place in 1951.^[12] The get-go commercially released system was Quadruplex videotape produced by Ampex in 1956.^[12] Two years later Ampex introduced a system capable of recording colour video.^[12] The first recording systems designed to be mobile (and thus usable outside the studio) were the Portapak systems starting with the Sony DV-2400 in 1967.^[13] This was followed in 1981 by the Betacam organisation where the record recorder was congenital into the camera making a camcorder.^[thirteen]

Lens mounts [edit]

While some video cameras have built in lenses others utilise interchangeable lenses continued via a range of mounts. Some similar Panavision PV and Arri PL are designed for movie cameras while others similar Canon EF and Sony Due east come up from still photography.^[14] A further set up of mounts like Due south-mount exist for applications similar CCTV.

Run into also [edit]

Digital movie camera
Digital single-lens reflex camera
FireWire photographic camera
Professional video photographic camera
Recording at the edge
Television production
Three-CCD
Video camera tube
Videograph
Videotelephony
Webcam
Smart photographic camera

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Williams, J. B. (2017). The Electronics Revolution: Inventing the Time to come. Springer. pp. 245–8. ISBN9783319490885.
^ "1960: Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated". The Silicon Engine. Computer History Museum. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
^ James R. Janesick (2001). Scientific charge-coupled devices. SPIE Press. pp. three–iv. ISBN978-0-8194-3698-half dozen.
^ Matsumoto, Kazuya; et al. (1985). "A new MOS phototransistor operating in a non-subversive readout mode". Japanese Periodical of Practical Physics. 24 (5A): L323. Bibcode:1985JaJAP..24L.323M. doi:10.1143/JJAP.24.L323.
^ ^a ^b Fossum, Eric R. (12 July 1993). Blouke, Morley G. (ed.). "Active pixel sensors: are CCDs dinosaurs?". SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1900: Charge-Coupled Devices and Solid State Optical Sensors 3. International Social club for Optics and Photonics. 1900: ii–fourteen. Bibcode:1993SPIE.1900....2F. CiteSeerX10.1.one.408.6558. doi:10.1117/12.148585. S2CID 10556755.
^ Fossum, Eric R. (2007). "Active Pixel Sensors" (PDF). Semantic Scholar. S2CID 18831792. Archived from the original (PDF) on ix March 2019. Retrieved viii October 2019.
^ Fossum, Eric R.; Hondongwa, D. B. (2014). "A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors". IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society. two (3): 33–43. doi:ten.1109/JEDS.2014.2306412.
^ ^a ^b Belmudez, Benjamin (2014). Audiovisual Quality Cess and Prediction for Videotelephony. Springer. pp. 11–thirteen. ISBN9783319141664.
^ ^a ^b Huang, Hsiang-Cheh; Fang, Wai-Chi (2007). Intelligent Multimedia Data Hiding: New Directions. Springer. p. 41. ISBN9783540711698.
^ Ahmed, Nasir (Jan 1991). "How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform". Digital Signal Processing. 1 (i): 4–5. doi:x.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z.
^ ^a ^b ^c "'Phonovision': 1927-28 « the Dawn of Boob tube".
^ ^a ^b ^c Marsh, Alex (27 July 2017). "A History of Videotape, Role i". Bitstreams. Duke University. Retrieved 11 Feb 2022.
^ ^a ^b Buckingham, David; Willett, Rebekah; Pini, Maria (2011). Home Truths?: Video Product and Domestic Life. University of Michigan Press. p. nine. ISBN9780472051373U.
^ Rhodes, Phil (four February 2018). "The RedShark Guide to Lens Mounts". RedShark . Retrieved 3 March 2022.